Questão 67455
(IME - 2021/2022 - 2ª fase)
Text 3
Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel
Stefan Czypionka and Frank Kienhofer
Abstract — The wheel of a passenger vehicle must be designed to be safe and light. (...) Manufacturing and testing carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) prototypes is expensive. Thus, it is advantageous to develop simulation models for composite weight reduction. The simulation models can provide insight into how lighter CFRP wheels can be designed. This study presents the design development of a CFRP wheel for a high-performance roadster; the CFRP wheel is offered by an automotive manufacturer as a high-performance option instead of aluminium wheels. Finite element (FE) simulations were initially conducted assuming an isotropic material. This initial model was used to eliminate stress concentrations and to design and manufacture an initial CFRP wheel. The CFRP wheel weight is 6.8 kg as compared to the original aluminium wheel which weighs 8.1 kg. This initial design passed the dynamic cornering fatigue test (the most stringent strength test for wheels). Thereafter the wheel was instrumented with strain gauges, and a bending moment was applied to the hub using a custom-built test rig. The test rig produced a static load equivalent to the dynamic cornering fatigue test (in which the applied bending moment varies sinusoidally). (...)
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
The wheel is arguably one of the most important components of a road going vehicle. It is responsible for the transmission of power from the drive components of the vehicle to the road, while also enabling the vehicle to make directional changes. Overdesigning a wheel by adding material increases the wheel mass and rotational inertia which negatively affects the vehicle’s performance and efficiency. This has led to substantial development efforts to reduce the wheel weight and rotational inertia while simultaneously maintaining or increasing the material strength. A wheel must be designed to be safe and light.
Numerous research studies have been published on the development of steel and aluminium wheels. Steel and aluminium alloy wheels have arguably reached the peak of possible weight reduction and composite materials offer the next advance. Despite the tremendous potential of carbon fibre as an automotive material due to high strength, low density and superior fatigue properties, (38) . Giger and Ermanni demonstrated the development process of a CFRP motorcycle rim. However, this wheel was not tested to certified standards. Rondina et al. investigated a high volume production method for carbon fibre wheels. The paper simulated the production process; however, no certified wheel appears to have been produced. As early as 1979, studies have been conducted into the viability of composites for use as automotive wheels.
Unlike isotropic materials, CFRP components are expensive to test and certify. Even small changes in geometry to prevent failure or reduce stresses could cause a production line to be retooled during the development process and existing equipment to be scrapped. This research paper illustrates the development of a validated finite element (FE) model to investigate laminate configurations to improve the stiffness of the CFRP wheel and be 18% lighter than the original aluminium wheel. The case study is of an original equipment (OE) wheel designed and manufactured by Blackstone Tek (BST). (...)
https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2019-0018 Received Jan 28, 2019; accepted Feb 25, 2019. Adapted from: Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel. Available at: [Accessed on May, 3rd, 2021].
To complete the blank found in the text, choose the appropriate continuation for: “Despite the tremendous potential of carbon fibre as an automotive material due to high strength, low density and superior fatigue properties, ____”
A
researches have always been using this material in tests due to the investment from the automotive industry.
B
the prevalence of CFRP wheels and corresponding published research is limited.
C
most researchers established standards that could ensure wheel safety, so there are specific performance parameters nowadays.
D
these characteristics have all reached optimal results in tests conducted by research project specialists.
E
there have never been better standards attested by industry, universities and car owners.
Gabarito:
the prevalence of CFRP wheels and corresponding published research is limited.
Resolução:
a) INCORRETA, uma vez que é possível perceber que essa ideia vai contra o que o texto argumenta, especialmente visto que ele menciona a questão de os testes serem caros, então não há investimento que chegue.
b)CORRETA, visto que realmente, ao ler o texto, vemos que poucas fontes foram realmente citadas e discutidas, então essa é a resposta mais adequada para o preenchimento da lacuna.
c)INCORRETA, dado que o texto fala que não há como garantir realmente a segurança, então ainda nenhuma roda foi produzida.
d) INCORRETA, posto que o texto fala que ainda nenhuma roda certificada foi produzida.
e)INCORRETA, pois há padrões sim, que não foram testados por donos de carros ainda.