Questão 13
UNESP 2021
(UNESP - 2021 - 2ª FASE)
Leia o texto para responder a questão.
“Culture is language”:
why an indigenous tongue is thriving in Paraguay
On a hillside monument in Asunción, a statue of the mythologized indigenous chief Lambaré stands alongside other great leaders from Paraguayan history. The other historical heroes on display are of mixed ancestry, but the idea of a noble indigenous heritage is strong in Paraguay, and — uniquely in the Americas — can be expressed by most of the country’s people in an indigenous language: Paraguayan Guaraní. “Guaraní is our culture — it’s where our roots are,” said Tomasa Cabral, a market vendor in the city.
Elsewhere in the Americas, European colonial languages are pushing native languages towards extinction, but Paraguayan Guaraní — a language descended from several indigenous tongues — remains one of the main languages of 70% of the country’s population. And unlike other widely spoken native tongues — such as Quechua, Aymara or the Mayan languages — it is overwhelmingly spoken by non-indigenous people.
Miguel Verón, a linguist and member of the Academy of the Guaraní Language, said the language had survived partly because of the landlocked country’s geographic isolation and partly because of the “linguistic loyalty” of its people. “The indigenous people refused to learn Spanish,” he said. “The imperial governors had to learn to speak Guaraní.” But while it remains under pressure from Spanish, Paraguayan Guaraní is itself part of the threat looming over the country’s other indigenous languages. Paraguay’s 19 surviving indigenous groups each have their own tongue, but six of them are listed by Unesco as severely or critically endangered.
The benefits of speaking the country’s two official languages were clear. Spanish remains the language of government, and Paraguayan Guaraní is widely spoken in rural areas, where it is a key requisite for many jobs. But the value of maintaining other tongues was incalculable, said Alba Eiragi Duarte, a poet from the Ava Guaraní people. “Our culture is transmitted through our own language: culture is language. When we love our language, we love ourselves.”
(William Costa. www.theguardian.com, 03.09.2020. Adaptado.)
The text is mainly about
the relevance of indigenous languages in South America.
endangered tribal languages such as Paraguayan Guaraní.
conflicts between Paraguayan Guaraní and Spanish speaking communities.
the strength and importance of Paraguayan Guaraní for cultural identity.
the role of tribal indigenous chiefs as leaders in Paraguay.
Gabarito:
the strength and importance of Paraguayan Guaraní for cultural identity.
Resolução:
a) Alternativa incorreta. O texto ressalta que, na América do Sul como um todo, há uma negligência em relação às línguas indígenas.
b) Alternativa incorreta. O texto fala sobre o Guarani paraguaio, mas não diz que ele está em perigo.
c) Alternativa incorreta. O texto não fala sobre conflitos entre comunidades de língua Guarani e hispanohablantes.
d) Alternativa correta. O texto ressalta justamente a importância do Guarani para a identidade cultural paraguaia.
e) Alternativa incorreta. O texto não fala sobre a importância dos líderes indígenas do Paraguai.