FUVEST 2008

Questão 64723

(UNIFESP - 2008)

Tracing the Cigarette’s Path From Sexy to Deadly

By Howard Markel, MD

In contrast to the symbol of death and disease it is today, from the early 1900s to the 1960s the cigarette was a cultural icon of sophistication, glamour and sexual allure – a highly prized commodity for one out of two Americans. Many advertising campaigns from the 1930s through the 1950s extolled the healthy virtues of cigarettes. Fullcolor magazine ads depicted kindly doctors clad in white coats proudly lighting up or puffing away, with slogans like “More doctors smoke Camels than any other cigarette.”

Early in the 20th century, opposition to cigarettes took a moral rather than a health-conscious tone, especially for women who wanted to smoke, although even then many doctors were concerned that smoking was a health risk.

The 1930s were a period when many Americans began smoking and the most significant health effects had not yet developed. As a result, the scientific studies of the era often failed to find clear evidence of serious pathology and had the perverse effect of exonerating the cigarette.

The years after World War II, however, were a time of major breakthroughs in epidemiological thought. In 1947, Richard Doll and A. Bradford Hill of the British Medical Research Council created a sophisticated statistical technique to document the association between rising rates of lung cancer and increasing numbers of smokers. The prominent surgeon Evarts A. Graham and a medical student, Ernst L. Wynder, published a landmark article in 1950 comparing the incidence of lung cancer in their nonsmoking and smoking patients at Barnes Hospital in St. Louis. They concluded that “cigarette smoking, over a long period, is at least one important factor in the striking increase in bronchogenic cancer.” Predictably, the tobacco companies derided these and other studies as mere statistical arguments or anecdotes rather than definitions of causality.

In the 1980s, scientists established the revolutionary concept that nicotine is extremely addictive. The tobacco companies publicly rejected such claims, even as they took advantage of cigarettes’ addictive potential by routinely spiking them with extra nicotine to make it harder to quit smoking. And their marketing memorandums document advertising campaigns aimed at youngsters to hook whole new generations of smokers.

(www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/health. Adaptado.)

No trecho do último parágrafo do texto – And their marketing memorandums document advertising campaigns aimed at youngsters to hook whole new generations of smokers. – a palavra to indica

Questão 64728

(UFAL - 2008)

"SHE HAS SHOWN SHE IS NOT AFRAID"

She has mended fences abroad, but is frustrated at home.

A pastor's daughter growing in communist East Germany, Angela Merkel was trained as a physicist, who concentrated on her science to the exclusion of all other pursuits. But Merkel, Germany's first female chancellor, has emerged as the most important leader in Europe, and enjoys the highest popularity rating of any German leader in postwar history.

A lackluster campaigner, Merkel barely scraped into office two years ago, after forging an uneasy coalition linking her Christian Democrats with their ideological rivals, the Social Democrats. Since taking office, she has been actively engaged in framing a new global agenda, from climate change and energy security to sustaining 4,000 peacekeeping troops in Afghanistan - which for Germany would have been unthinkable just a decade ago.

Merkel has shown she is not afraid to defy conventional wisdom and her willingness to resist pressures from media and business has bolstered her standing with the voters. But Merkel's most serious challenges still lie ahead of her. She has achieved record approval ratings on the strength of her foreign policy, but with economic growth slowing and workers stepping up demands for higher wages, political pressures are mounting within Merkel's coalition to backtrack on the cuts in retirement benefits and other austerity measures that propelled the recent recovery. And while her coalition has responded to the country's plunging birthrate and aging population by extending the retirement age to 67, Merkel has been frustrated in her efforts to carry out a wider restructuring of the German economy.

(Adapted from She Has Shown She Is Not Afraid, Statesmanship, Newsweek/October 29, 2007, page 19.)

In the last sentence of the text, the -ing words "plunging", "aging", "extending", and "restructuring" function, consecutively, as

Questão 64862

(UPE - 2008)

REBAJAS EN LA UNIÓN EUROPEA (UE) (1ª parte)

La UE ⁷ha dado un nuevo paso ²⁵en la aprobación ²⁶de la rebaja de precios de las llamadas de teléfono móvil ⁴¹entre países europeos, que entrará en vigor el 27 de junio, un ²miércoles. Además, ¹⁶ha advertido a los operadores que ⁴²su próximo objetivo será la bajada de tarifas en los mensajes de texto y en el acceso a Internet ²⁷desde el móvil. El Consejo de Transportes, Telecomunicaciones y Energía ²⁰ha aprobado ³⁹por unanimidad el reglamento que obligará a las compañías a que el coste ²⁹sin impuestos que ⁸afronte un consumidor ⁴³cuando ¹⁰llame por móvil desde un un país de la UE distinto al de origen no ⁹exceda 49 céntimos por minuto en 2007, 46 céntimos en 2008, y 43 céntimos en 2009. El precio actual de las llamadas ¹en itinerancia ¹²oscila entre 1 euro y 1,25 euros por minuto. La norma también ¹³prevé la reducción progresiva de la factura cuando el consumidor ¹⁴reciba llamadas en el extranjero: un máximo de 24 céntimos en 2007, de 22 en 2008 y de 19 en 2009.

"¹⁷Lamentablemente el mercado no resolvió el problema por sí mismo pese a las alertas que les ⁵enviamos", afirmó la comisaria europea de Telecomunicaciones, Viviane Reding, que negó que este reglamento se ¹¹vaya a traducir en una subida de precios en las llamadas nacionales, ³⁰ya que ³"la propia competencia ¹⁵expulsaría del mercado a los operadores que lo ⁴hicieran". Asimismo, la comisaria advirtió a los operadores que en los próximos 18 meses ⁶va a estudiar los precios de los envíos de mensajes de texto y la transmisión de paquetes de datos a través del móvil, y aseguró que ¹⁹deberán controlarlos ³¹si quieren evitar una nueva regulación.

Texto adaptado de una noticia publicada por la Agencia EFE -7 de junio de 2007.

REBAJAS EN LA UNIÓN EUROPEA (UE) (2ª parte)

³³Aunque votó a favor, España no está ¹⁸especialmente satisfecha con la bajada aprobada, ya que será el país que más dejará de ingresar por el pago de las llamadas en itinerancia de los millones de turistas que la visitan cada año. ³⁴Sin embargo, sus compañías ²¹deben afrontar fuertes inversiones en infraestructuras ³²para soportar un tráfico telefónico que se multiplica con este turismo. Por este motivo, junto a Gran Bretaña y Francia, ²²trató de retrasar, sin éxito, la aprobación del reglamento.

La norma expira transcurridos tres años, ³⁵pero la idea de los legisladores europeos es que para entonces los nuevos precios se ²³hayan consolidado en el mercado libre. Un mes ³⁶después de la publicación del reglamento en el diario oficial, los operadores deberán haber informado a sus clientes de la disponibilidad de los nuevos precios. Estos dispondrán de otro mes, ³⁷hasta principios de septiembre, para elegir entre las 'eurotarifas' u otras posibles ofertas, que ²⁴podrían cubrir ³⁸además de las llamadas el envío de mensajes ⁴⁰o imágenes.

(Texto adaptado de una noticia publicada por la Agencia EFE -7 de junio de 2007.)

En morfología verbal, distinguimos las formas verbales compuestas ("ha comprado", "hemos ido", "habían comprado"), que se forman con un verbo auxiliar y un participio, de las locuciones verbales o perífrasis ("tengo que hacer", "van a venir", "estamos haciendo") que se componen de un verbo conjugado y de otro en infinitivo o gerundio, acompañados o no de otras partículas. Señale la respuesta que sólo contenga locuciones o perífrasis verbales.

Questão 65018

(UNIFESP - 2008) Os membros da loja maçônica fundada por José Bonifácio em 2 de junho de 1822 (e que no dizer de Frei Caneca não passava de um "clube de aristocratas servis") juraram "procurar a integridade e independência e felicidade do Brasil como Império constitucional, opondo-se tanto ao despotismo que o altera quanto a anarquia que o dissolve".

Na visão de José Bonifácio e dos membros da referida loja maçônica, o despotismo e a anarquia eram encarnados, respectivamente,

Questão 65735

(FATEC - 2008) Em 31/03/1964, um golpe militar interrompeu o governo institucional de João Goulart. A partir dessa data um regime político ditatorial instalou-se no Brasil.  Em 13 de dezembro de 1968, foi anunciado à nação o Ato Institucional Número 5 (AI-5), que determinava

Questão 65741

(UFRGS - 2008) Considere as seguintes características, referentes ao Regime Militar no Brasil.

1 - restrição das liberdades constitucionais e fixação da Lei de Segurança Nacional

2 - adoção de políticas econômicas visando ao desenvolvimento de um parque industrial dinâmico

3 - expansão do comércio exterior e ampliação da dívida externa

4 - início da construção da Transamazônica, em nome da Integração Nacional

Essas características se referem ao período

Questão 65745

(UNEMAT - 2008) A partir da década de 1980, a economia capitalista mundial acelerou o processo de globalização. A este respeito assinale a alternativa CORRETA.

Questão 65749

(UDESC - 2008) Sobre conflitos vividos na América Latina, é incorreto afirmar:

Questão 65783

(UNEMAT - 2008) Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945), as ex-colônias europeias do continente africano sucessivamente conquistaram sua independência. A este respeito é CORRETO afirmar.

Questão 65815

(UFG - 2008) No decorrer do século XX, a China vivenciou diferentes experiências econômicas. Da Revolução Chinesa, de 1949, à China contemporânea, essas experiências podem ser representadas