FUVEST 2021

Questão 74448

(UNESP - 2021 - 1ª fase - DIA 2)

Leia o texto para responder às questões de 21 a 24.

When will the Amazon hit a tipping point?

Scientists say climate change, deforestation and fires could cause the world’s largest rainforest to dry out. The big question is how soon that might happen. Seen from a monitoring tower above the treetops near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon, the rainforest canopy stretches to the horizon as an endless sea of green. It looks like a rich and healthy ecosystem, but appearances are deceiving. This rainforest — which holds 16,000 separate tree species — is slowly drying out.

Over the past century, the average temperature in the forest has risen by 1-1.5 o C. In some parts, the dry season has expanded during the past 50 years, from four months to almost five. Severe droughts have hit three times since 2005. That’s all driving a shift in vegetation. In 2018, a study reported that trees that do best in moist conditions, such as tropical legumes from the genus Inga, are dying. Those adapted to drier climes, such as the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa), are thriving.

At the same time, large parts of the Amazon, the world’s largest rainforest, are being cut down and burnt. Tree clearing has already shrunk the forest by around 15% from its 1970s extent of more than 6 million square kilometres; in Brazil, which contains more than half the forest, more than 19% has disappeared. Last year, deforestation in Brazil spiked by around 30% to almost 10,000 km2 , the largest loss in a decade. And in August 2019, videos of wildfires in the Amazon made international headlines. The number of fires that month was the highest for any August since an extreme drought in 2010.

(www.nature.com, 25.02.2020. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o terceiro parágrafo, a floresta amazônica

Questão 74449

(UNESP - 2021 - 1ª fase - DIA 2)

Leia o texto para responder às questões de 21 a 24.

When will the Amazon hit a tipping point?

Scientists say climate change, deforestation and fires could cause the world’s largest rainforest to dry out. The big question is how soon that might happen. Seen from a monitoring tower above the treetops near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon, the rainforest canopy stretches to the horizon as an endless sea of green. It looks like a rich and healthy ecosystem, but appearances are deceiving. This rainforest — which holds 16,000 separate tree species — is slowly drying out.

Over the past century, the average temperature in the forest has risen by 1-1.5 o C. In some parts, the dry season has expanded during the past 50 years, from four months to almost five. Severe droughts have hit three times since 2005. That’s all driving a shift in vegetation. In 2018, a study reported that trees that do best in moist conditions, such as tropical legumes from the genus Inga, are dying. Those adapted to drier climes, such as the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa), are thriving.

At the same time, large parts of the Amazon, the world’s largest rainforest, are being cut down and burnt. Tree clearing has already shrunk the forest by around 15% from its 1970s extent of more than 6 million square kilometres; in Brazil, which contains more than half the forest, more than 19% has disappeared. Last year, deforestation in Brazil spiked by around 30% to almost 10,000 km2 , the largest loss in a decade. And in August 2019, videos of wildfires in the Amazon made international headlines. The number of fires that month was the highest for any August since an extreme drought in 2010.

(www.nature.com, 25.02.2020. Adaptado.)

O cartum ilustra que o aumento de temperatura, também citado no texto,

Questão 74450

(UNESP - 2021 - 1ª fase - DIA 2)

De acordo com o cartum,

Questão 74451

(UNESP - 2021 - 1ª fase - DIA 2)

Analise o mapa para responder às questões de 26 a 28.

O retângulo destacado no mapa e seu texto informam que, muitas vezes, o desmatamento

Questão 74452

(UNESP - 2021 - 1ª fase - DIA 2)

Analise o mapa para responder às questões de 26 a 28.

The country covered by the Amazon rainforest presented in the map that displays less signs of forest clearing is

Questão 74453

(UNESP - 2021 - 1ª fase - DIA 2)

Analise o mapa para responder às questões de 26 a 28.

In the excerpt “Deforestation often follows a fishbone pattern”, the underlined word expresses

Questão 74454

(UNESP - 2021 - 1ª fase - DIA 2)

Leia o texto para responder às questões 29 e 30.

The business of climate change

A UN assessment published this week on the progress made in stemming the global loss of species made depressing reading. Not one of the 20 targets adopted by 196 countries in a convention on biodiversity in 2010 has been met. And the latest biennial Living Planet Report from the WWF, an environmental group, found that animal populations worldwide shrank by an average of two-thirds between 1970 and 2016. The falls were greatest in the tropics. In Latin America and the Caribbean animal populations fell by 94%, on average, during the period. It is some comfort that around the world biodiversity and climate change have become big political issues. In Australia koala bears have almost brought down a state government.

(www.economist.com, 18.09.2020.)

The United Nations (UN) publication mentioned in the text provides

Questão 74455

(UNESP - 2021 - 1ª fase - DIA 2)

Leia o texto para responder às questões 29 e 30.

The business of climate change

A UN assessment published this week on the progress made in stemming the global loss of species made depressing reading. Not one of the 20 targets adopted by 196 countries in a convention on biodiversity in 2010 has been met. And the latest biennial Living Planet Report from the WWF, an environmental group, found that animal populations worldwide shrank by an average of two-thirds between 1970 and 2016. The falls were greatest in the tropics. In Latin America and the Caribbean animal populations fell by 94%, on average, during the period. It is some comfort that around the world biodiversity and climate change have become big political issues. In Australia koala bears have almost brought down a state government.

(www.economist.com, 18.09.2020.)

The chart shows details about the following excerpt from the text:

Questão 74456

(UNESP - 2021 - 1ª fase - DIA 2)

Leia o texto para responder às questões 31 e 32.

Entende-se hoje que a civilização medieval, apesar de limitada segundo os padrões atuais, dava ao homem um sentido de vida. Ele se via desempenhando um papel, por menor que fosse, de alcance amplo, importante para o equilíbrio do Universo. Não sofria, portanto, com o sentimento de substituibilidade que atormenta o homem contemporâneo. O medievo se sentia impotente diante da natureza, mas convivia bem com ela. O ocidental de hoje se sente a ponto de dominar a natureza, por isso se exclui dela.

(Hilário Franco Júnior. A Idade Média: nascimento do Ocidente, 1988.)

O “papel de alcance amplo”, “importante para o equilíbrio”, representado pelas pessoas que viviam na Idade Média, pode ser associado, entre outros fatores,

Questão 74457

(UNESP - 2021 - 1ª fase - DIA 2)

Leia o texto para responder às questões 31 e 32.

Entende-se hoje que a civilização medieval, apesar de limitada segundo os padrões atuais, dava ao homem um sentido de vida. Ele se via desempenhando um papel, por menor que fosse, de alcance amplo, importante para o equilíbrio do Universo. Não sofria, portanto, com o sentimento de substituibilidade que atormenta o homem contemporâneo. O medievo se sentia impotente diante da natureza, mas convivia bem com ela. O ocidental de hoje se sente a ponto de dominar a natureza, por isso se exclui dela.

(Hilário Franco Júnior. A Idade Média: nascimento do Ocidente, 1988.)

A afirmação do texto de que, diferentemente do medieval, o homem contemporâneo “se sente a ponto de dominar a natureza, por isso se exclui dela” pode ser justificada pela