(ITA - 2005 - 1 FASE)
(...) Languages have always died. As cultures have risen and fallen, so their languages have emerged and disappeared. We can get some sense of it following the appearance of written language, for we now have records (in various forms - inscriptions, clay tablets, documents) of dozens of extinct languages from classical times - Bithynian, Cilician, Pisidian, Phrygian, Paphlagonian, Etruscan, Sumerian, Elamite, Hittite... We know of some 75 extinct languages which have been spoken in Europe and Asia Minor. But the extinct languages of which we have some historical record in this part of the world must be only a fraction of those for which we have nothing. And when we extend our coverage to the whole world, where written records of ancient languages are largely absent, it is easy to see that no sensible estimate can be obtained about the rate at which languages have died in the past. We can of course make guesses at the size of the population in previous eras, and the likely size of communities, and (1on the assumption that each community would have had its own language) work out possible numbers of languages.(...)
(CRYSTAL, D. Language Death. C.U.P. 2000:68)
Assinale a opção que contém outra forma de expressar a frase “on the assumption that each community would have had...” (ref. 1).
has each community had...
had each community had...
if we assume that each community will have had...
if each community has had...
assuming each community will have...
Gabarito:
had each community had...
A frase original, on the assumption that each community would have had [...], pode ser traduzida como assumindo que cada comunidade teria tido [...]. Assim, é perceptível que se trata de uma possibilidade e, portanto, precisamos de uma frase equivalente que traga esse aspecto.
a) Alternativa incorreta. Do modo como foi escrita, a frase da alternativa A seria interrogativa, com has sendo um verbo auxiliar.
b) Alternativa correta. O past perfect foi utilizado para substituir o conditional perfect na frase, podendo ser traduzido por algo como tivesse cada comunidade tido [...] (a construção não faz tanto sentido em português). Isto é, a condição de possibilidade e o tempo verbal foram mantidos.
c) Alternativa incorreta. Apesar de haver a condição de possibilidade, o tempo da frase é o futuro (terão tido), não condizendo com o significado original.
d) Alternativa incorreta. Aqui, a utilização de has está incorreta, a frase deveria ser escrita com had had.
e) Alternativa incorreta. Aqui, a condição se coloca, novamente, no futuro.