FUVEST 2018

Questão 36041

(UNESP - 2018 - 2ª FASE)

Leia o texto para responder, em português, a questão.

Climate change: How do we know?

The Earth’s climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 650,000 years there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat, with the abrupt end of the last ice age about 7,000 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era – and of human civilization. Most of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earth’s orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives.

The current warming trend is of particular significance because most of it is extremely likely (greater than 95 percent probability) to be the result of human activity since the mid-20^th century and proceeding at a rate that is unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Earth-orbiting satellites and other technological advances have enabled scientists to see the big picture, collecting many different types of information about our planet and its climate on a global scale. This body of data, collected over many years, reveals the signals of a changing climate.

The heat-trapping nature of carbon dioxide and other gases was demonstrated in the mid-19th century. Their ability to affect the transfer of infrared energy through the atmosphere is the scientific basis of many instruments flown by NASA. There is no question that increased levels of greenhouse gases must cause the Earth to warm in response.

(https://climate.nasa.gov. Adaptado.)

a) Cite duas características atribuídas ao dióxido de carbono no quarto parágrafo.

b) Identifique a causa e o efeito estabelecidos no trecho do quarto parágrafo “There is no question that increased levels of greenhouse gases must cause the Earth to warm in response.”

Questão 36042

(UNESP - 2018 - 2ª FASE)

Leia o texto para responder, em português, a questão.

Climate change: How do we know?

The Earth’s climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 650,000 years there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat, with the abrupt end of the last ice age about 7,000 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era – and of human civilization. Most of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earth’s orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives.

The current warming trend is of particular significance because most of it is extremely likely (greater than 95 percent probability) to be the result of human activity since the mid-20^th century and proceeding at a rate that is unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Earth-orbiting satellites and other technological advances have enabled scientists to see the big picture, collecting many different types of information about our planet and its climate on a global scale. This body of data, collected over many years, reveals the signals of a changing climate.

The heat-trapping nature of carbon dioxide and other gases was demonstrated in the mid-19th century. Their ability to affect the transfer of infrared energy through the atmosphere is the scientific basis of many instruments flown by NASA. There is no question that increased levels of greenhouse gases must cause the Earth to warm in response.

(https://climate.nasa.gov. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o primeiro parágrafo:

a) como e quando terminaram os ciclos de avanços e retrocessos glaciais?

b) os antigos ciclos de mudanças climáticas são atribuídos a que fator? O que esse fator ocasionou?

Questão 36043

(UNESP - 2018 - 2ª FASE)

Leia o texto para responder, em português, a questão.

Climate change: How do we know?

The Earth’s climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 650,000 years there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat, with the abrupt end of the last ice age about 7,000 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era – and of human civilization. Most of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earth’s orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives.

The current warming trend is of particular significance because most of it is extremely likely (greater than 95 percent probability) to be the result of human activity since the mid-20^th century and proceeding at a rate that is unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Earth-orbiting satellites and other technological advances have enabled scientists to see the big picture, collecting many different types of information about our planet and its climate on a global scale. This body of data, collected over many years, reveals the signals of a changing climate.

The heat-trapping nature of carbon dioxide and other gases was demonstrated in the mid-19th century. Their ability to affect the transfer of infrared energy through the atmosphere is the scientific basis of many instruments flown by NASA. There is no question that increased levels of greenhouse gases must cause the Earth to warm in response.

(https://climate.nasa.gov. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o terceiro parágrafo:

a) o que permite que os cientistas obtenham dados sobre a Terra na atualidade?

b) que tipo de dados têm sido obtidos e o que revelam?

Questão 36044

(UNESP - 2018 - 2ª FASE)

Leia o texto para responder, em português, a questão.

Climate change: How do we know?

The Earth’s climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 650,000 years there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat, with the abrupt end of the last ice age about 7,000 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era – and of human civilization. Most of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earth’s orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives.

The current warming trend is of particular significance because most of it is extremely likely (greater than 95 percent probability) to be the result of human activity since the mid-20^th century and proceeding at a rate that is unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Earth-orbiting satellites and other technological advances have enabled scientists to see the big picture, collecting many different types of information about our planet and its climate on a global scale. This body of data, collected over many years, reveals the signals of a changing climate.

The heat-trapping nature of carbon dioxide and other gases was demonstrated in the mid-19th century. Their ability to affect the transfer of infrared energy through the atmosphere is the scientific basis of many instruments flown by NASA. There is no question that increased levels of greenhouse gases must cause the Earth to warm in response.

(https://climate.nasa.gov. Adaptado.)

a) Quando começou a atual tendência de aquecimento global? Qual é a perspectiva futura para essa tendência?

b) Em que aspecto a atual tendência de aquecimento global difere das tendências anteriores?

Questão 36045

(UNESP - 2018/2 - 2ª FASE)

Leia o texto para responder, em português, a questão

Keep your head up: how smartphone addiction kills manners and moods

The average human head weighs between 4.5 and 5.5 kilograms, and when we bend our neck to text or check Facebook on our smartphone, the gravitational pull on our head and the stress on our neck increases. That common position, pervasive among everyone from ordinary people to presidents, can damage the cervical spine curve. “Text neck” is becoming a medical issue that countless people suffer from, and the way we hang our heads has other health risks, too, according to a report published last year in The Spine Journal.

Posture has been proven to affect mood, behavior and memory, and frequent slouching can make us depressed, according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The way we stand affects everything from the amount of energy we have to bone and muscle development, and even the amount of oxygen our lungs can take in. And the remedy can be ridiculously simple: just sit up.

Some 75 percent of Americans believe their smartphone usage doesn’t impact their ability to pay attention in a group setting, according to the Pew Research Center, and about a third of Americans believe that using phones in social settings actually contributes to the conversation. But does it? Etiquette experts and social scientists are adamantly united: no.

That “always-on” behavior that smartphones contribute to causes us to remove ourselves from our reality, experts said. And aside from the health consequences, if we’re head down, our communication skills and manners are slumped, too. But, ironically, that might not be how most of us see ourselves. “We think somehow that this antisocial behavior is not going to affect me,” said Niobe Way, professor of applied psychology at New York University.

Ms. Way studies technology’s role in shaping adolescent development. These head-down interactions take us away from the present, no matter what group we’re in, she said. And it’s not just a youth problem. It’s ingrained, learned, copied and repeated, much of it from mimicking adults. When kids see their parents head down, they emulate that action. The result is a loss of nonverbal cues, which can stunt development.

(Adam Popescu. www.nytimes.com, 25.01.2018. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o segundo parágrafo:

a) Indique duas consequências de se manter uma postura incorreta, citadas pelo National Center for Biotechnology Information.

b) Que aspectos físicos são influenciados pela postura?  

Questão 36046

(UNESP - 2018/2 - 2ª FASE)

Leia o texto para responder, em português, a questão

Keep your head up: how smartphone addiction kills manners and moods

The average human head weighs between 4.5 and 5.5 kilograms, and when we bend our neck to text or check Facebook on our smartphone, the gravitational pull on our head and the stress on our neck increases. That common position, pervasive among everyone from ordinary people to presidents, can damage the cervical spine curve. “Text neck” is becoming a medical issue that countless people suffer from, and the way we hang our heads has other health risks, too, according to a report published last year in The Spine Journal.

Posture has been proven to affect mood, behavior and memory, and frequent slouching can make us depressed, according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The way we stand affects everything from the amount of energy we have to bone and muscle development, and even the amount of oxygen our lungs can take in. And the remedy can be ridiculously simple: just sit up.

Some 75 percent of Americans believe their smartphone usage doesn’t impact their ability to pay attention in a group setting, according to the Pew Research Center, and about a third of Americans believe that using phones in social settings actually contributes to the conversation. But does it? Etiquette experts and social scientists are adamantly united: no.

That “always-on” behavior that smartphones contribute to causes us to remove ourselves from our reality, experts said. And aside from the health consequences, if we’re head down, our communication skills and manners are slumped, too. But, ironically, that might not be how most of us see ourselves. “We think somehow that this antisocial behavior is not going to affect me,” said Niobe Way, professor of applied psychology at New York University.

Ms. Way studies technology’s role in shaping adolescent development. These head-down interactions take us away from the present, no matter what group we’re in, she said. And it’s not just a youth problem. It’s ingrained, learned, copied and repeated, much of it from mimicking adults. When kids see their parents head down, they emulate that action. The result is a loss of nonverbal cues, which can stunt development.

(Adam Popescu. www.nytimes.com, 25.01.2018. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o quinto parágrafo:

a) Além dos adultos, que grupos têm seu desenvolvimento prejudicado pelo comportamento de estar de “cabeça baixa” consultando o smartphone?

b) Como as crianças adquirem o comportamento de ficar de “cabeça baixa” e quais as consequências disso?

Questão 36047

(UNESP - 2018/2 - 2ª FASE)

Leia o texto para responder, em português, a questão

Keep your head up: how smartphone addiction kills manners and moods

The average human head weighs between 4.5 and 5.5 kilograms, and when we bend our neck to text or check Facebook on our smartphone, the gravitational pull on our head and the stress on our neck increases. That common position, pervasive among everyone from ordinary people to presidents, can damage the cervical spine curve. “Text neck” is becoming a medical issue that countless people suffer from, and the way we hang our heads has other health risks, too, according to a report published last year in The Spine Journal.

Posture has been proven to affect mood, behavior and memory, and frequent slouching can make us depressed, according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The way we stand affects everything from the amount of energy we have to bone and muscle development, and even the amount of oxygen our lungs can take in. And the remedy can be ridiculously simple: just sit up.

Some 75 percent of Americans believe their smartphone usage doesn’t impact their ability to pay attention in a group setting, according to the Pew Research Center, and about a third of Americans believe that using phones in social settings actually contributes to the conversation. But does it? Etiquette experts and social scientists are adamantly united: no.

That “always-on” behavior that smartphones contribute to causes us to remove ourselves from our reality, experts said. And aside from the health consequences, if we’re head down, our communication skills and manners are slumped, too. But, ironically, that might not be how most of us see ourselves. “We think somehow that this antisocial behavior is not going to affect me,” said Niobe Way, professor of applied psychology at New York University.

Ms. Way studies technology’s role in shaping adolescent development. These head-down interactions take us away from the present, no matter what group we’re in, she said. And it’s not just a youth problem. It’s ingrained, learned, copied and repeated, much of it from mimicking adults. When kids see their parents head down, they emulate that action. The result is a loss of nonverbal cues, which can stunt development.

(Adam Popescu. www.nytimes.com, 25.01.2018. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o primeiro parágrafo:

a) Como a posição de digitar ou de consultar o smartphone afeta o pescoço? Que problema essa postura pode causar?

b) O que é “text neck” e qual a sua causa?

Questão 36048

(UNESP - 2018/2 - 2ª FASE)

Leia o texto para responder, em português, a questão

Keep your head up: how smartphone addiction kills manners and moods

The average human head weighs between 4.5 and 5.5 kilograms, and when we bend our neck to text or check Facebook on our smartphone, the gravitational pull on our head and the stress on our neck increases. That common position, pervasive among everyone from ordinary people to presidents, can damage the cervical spine curve. “Text neck” is becoming a medical issue that countless people suffer from, and the way we hang our heads has other health risks, too, according to a report published last year in The Spine Journal.

Posture has been proven to affect mood, behavior and memory, and frequent slouching can make us depressed, according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The way we stand affects everything from the amount of energy we have to bone and muscle development, and even the amount of oxygen our lungs can take in. And the remedy can be ridiculously simple: just sit up.

Some 75 percent of Americans believe their smartphone usage doesn’t impact their ability to pay attention in a group setting, according to the Pew Research Center, and about a third of Americans believe that using phones in social settings actually contributes to the conversation. But does it? Etiquette experts and social scientists are adamantly united: no.

That “always-on” behavior that smartphones contribute to causes us to remove ourselves from our reality, experts said. And aside from the health consequences, if we’re head down, our communication skills and manners are slumped, too. But, ironically, that might not be how most of us see ourselves. “We think somehow that this antisocial behavior is not going to affect me,” said Niobe Way, professor of applied psychology at New York University.

Ms. Way studies technology’s role in shaping adolescent development. These head-down interactions take us away from the present, no matter what group we’re in, she said. And it’s not just a youth problem. It’s ingrained, learned, copied and repeated, much of it from mimicking adults. When kids see their parents head down, they emulate that action. The result is a loss of nonverbal cues, which can stunt development.

(Adam Popescu. www.nytimes.com, 25.01.2018. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o terceiro parágrafo:

a) Como pensam 75% dos estadunidenses em relação ao uso de smartphones, segundo a pesquisa do Pew Research Center? Além disso, o que pensa um terço dos estadunidenses?

b) Quem apresenta opinião contrária ao resultado revelado pela pesquisa do Pew Research Center?

Questão 36076

(UNESP - 2018)

TEXTO 1

O positivismo representa amplo movimento de pensamento que dominou grande parte da cultura europeia, no período de 1840 até às vésperas da Primeira Guerra Mundial. Nesse contexto, a Europa consumou sua transformação industrial, e os efeitos dessa revolução sobre a vida social foram maciços: o emprego das descobertas científicas transformou todo o modo de produção. Em poucas palavras, a Revolução Industrial mudou radicalmente o modo de vida na Europa. E os entusiasmos se cristalizaram em torno da ideia de progresso humano e social irrefreável, já que, de agora em diante, possuíam-se os instrumentos para a solução de todos os problemas. A ciência pelos positivistas apresentava-se como a garantia absoluta do destino progressista da humanidade.

(Giovanni Reale e Dario Antiseri. História da filosofia, 1991. Adaptado.)

TEXTO 2

O “progresso” não é nem necessário nem contínuo. A humanidade em progresso nunca se assemelha a uma pessoa que sobe uma escada, acrescentando para cada um dos seus movimentos um novo degrau a todos aqueles já anteriormente conquistados. Nenhuma fração da humanidade dispõe de fórmulas aplicáveis ao conjunto. Uma humanidade confundida num gênero de vida único é inconcebível, pois seria uma humanidade petrificada.

(Claude Lévi-Strauss. A noção de estrutura em etnologia, 1985. Adaptado.)

a) Considerando o texto 1, explique o que significa “eurocentrismo” e por que o conceito de progresso pressuposto pelo positivismo é eurocêntrico.

b) Por que o método empregado pelo autor do texto 2 é considerado relativista? Como sua concepção de progresso se opõe ao conceito de progresso positivista?

Questão 36077

(UNESP - 2018/2 - 2 fase - Questão 9)

Texto 1

Com o desenvolvimento industrial, o proletariado não apenas se multiplica; comprime-se em massas cada vez maiores, sua força cresce e ele adquire maior consciência dela. Os choques individuais entre o operário singular e o burguês singular tomam cada vez mais o caráter de confrontos entre duas classes. Os operários começam a formar associações contra os burgueses. Aqui e ali a luta irrompe em motim.

(Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels. Manifesto Comunista, 2005. Adaptado.)

Texto 2

A identificação das classes oprimidas com a classe que as domina e explora é parte de um todo maior. Isso porque as classes oprimidas podem estar emocionalmente ligadas a seus senhores; apesar de sua hostilidade para com eles, podem ver neles os seus ideais. A menos que tais relações existam, é impossível compreender como uma série de civilizações sobreviveu por tão longo tempo, apesar da justificável hostilidade de grandes massas humanas.

(Sigmund Freud. O futuro de uma ilusão, 1974. Adaptado.)
 

a) Cite as duas áreas do pensamento originadas a partir das obras dos autores dos textos. Indique um fato histórico de natureza revolucionária marcadamente influenciado pelo texto 1.

b) Quais foram os critérios utilizados por Marx e Engels para analisar a relação entre as classes sociais? Segundo Freud, qual é o fator que impede a realização de uma revolução proletária?