FUVEST 2012

Questão 23747

TEXTO:
We always think “It will never happen to me,” but disasters can strike, at any time, anywhere — from hotel fires to train crashes to terrorist attacks. How would you cope if the unthinkable happened? 5 According to experts, people caught up in disasters tend to fall into three categories. About 10% to 15% remain calm and act quickly and efficiently. Another 15% completely panic, crying and screaming and obstructing the evacuation. But the vast majority (70%) of people do 10 very little. They are “stunned and confused,” says psychologist John Leach. Why is this? Research suggests that under great stress, our minds take much longer to process information. So, in a crisis, many people “freeze” just at 15 the moment when they need to act quickly. It also seems that personality is not a good guide to how people might react — a normally decisive person may not act quickly enough in a crisis and vice versa. “Most people go their entire lives without a disaster,” says Michael Lindell, a 20 professor at Texas A&M University. “So when something bad happens, they are so shocked they just think, ‘This can’t possibly be happening to me,’ instead of taking action.”
OXENDEN, C et Latham-Koenig, C American English File 4B, p. 52 Oxford University Press.
It’s stated in the text that, when disasters happen,
 

Questão 23748

TEXTO:
We always think “It will never happen to me,” but disasters can strike, at any time, anywhere — from hotel fires to train crashes to terrorist attacks. How would you cope if the unthinkable happened? 5 According to experts, people caught up in disasters tend to fall into three categories. About 10% to 15% remain calm and act quickly and efficiently. Another 15% completely panic, crying and screaming and obstructing the evacuation. But the vast majority (70%) of people do 10 very little. They are “stunned and confused,” says psychologist John Leach. Why is this? Research suggests that under great stress, our minds take much longer to process information. So, in a crisis, many people “freeze” just at 15 the moment when they need to act quickly. It also seems that personality is not a good guide to how people might react — a normally decisive person may not act quickly enough in a crisis and vice versa. “Most people go their entire lives without a disaster,” says Michael Lindell, a 20 professor at Texas A&M University. “So when something bad happens, they are so shocked they just think, ‘This can’t possibly be happening to me,’ instead of taking action.”
OXENDEN, C et Latham-Koenig, C American English File 4B, p. 52 Oxford University Press.
According to Michael Lindell,

Questão 23749

TEXTO:
We always think “It will never happen to me,” but disasters can strike, at any time, anywhere — from hotel fires to train crashes to terrorist attacks. How would you cope if the unthinkable happened? 5 According to experts, people caught up in disasters tend to fall into three categories. About 10% to 15% remain calm and act quickly and efficiently. Another 15% completely panic, crying and screaming and obstructing the evacuation. But the vast majority (70%) of people do 10 very little. They are “stunned and confused,” says psychologist John Leach. Why is this? Research suggests that under great stress, our minds take much longer to process information. So, in a crisis, many people “freeze” just at 15 the moment when they need to act quickly. It also seems that personality is not a good guide to how people might react — a normally decisive person may not act quickly enough in a crisis and vice versa. “Most people go their entire lives without a disaster,” says Michael Lindell, a 20 professor at Texas A&M University. “So when something bad happens, they are so shocked they just think, ‘This can’t possibly be happening to me,’ instead of taking action.”
OXENDEN, C et Latham-Koenig, C American English File 4B, p. 52 Oxford University Press.

According to the research mentioned in the text, we don’t act as we should when we’re stressed out because our minds
 

Questão 23750

TEXTO:
We always think “It will never happen to me,” but disasters can strike, at any time, anywhere — from hotel fires to train crashes to terrorist attacks. How would you cope if the unthinkable happened? 5 According to experts, people caught up in disasters tend to fall into three categories. About 10% to 15% remain calm and act quickly and efficiently. Another 15% completely panic, crying and screaming and obstructing the evacuation. But the vast majority (70%) of people do 10 very little. They are “stunned and confused,” says psychologist John Leach. Why is this? Research suggests that under great stress, our minds take much longer to process information. So, in a crisis, many people “freeze” just at 15 the moment when they need to act quickly. It also seems that personality is not a good guide to how people might react — a normally decisive person may not act quickly enough in a crisis and vice versa. “Most people go their entire lives without a disaster,” says Michael Lindell, a 20 professor at Texas A&M University. “So when something bad happens, they are so shocked they just think, ‘This can’t possibly be happening to me,’ instead of taking action.”
OXENDEN, C et Latham-Koenig, C American English File 4B, p. 52 Oxford University Press.
The only word or expression which is not suitably defined is
 

Questão 23751

Like a black light poster come to life, a group of bioluminescent fungi collected from Ribeira Valley Tourist State Park near São Paulo, Brazil, emanates a soft green glow when the lights go out. The mushrooms are part of 5 the genus Mycena, a group that includes about 500 species worldwide. Of these only 33 are known to be bioluminescent — capable of producing light through a chemical reaction. Since 2002, Cassius Stevani, professor of Chemistry 10 at the University of São Paulo, Dennis Desjardin, professor of mycology at San Francisco State University in California, and Marina Capelari of Brazil’s Institute of Botany have discovered 10 more bioluminescent fungi species — four of which are new to science — in Brazil’s 15 tropical forests. The work, Stevani says, has increased the number of glowers known since the 1970s by 30 percent.
In addition to mushrooms, a variety of marine animals, select species of bacteria, insects, and annelids 20 (earthworms) are known to be bioluminescent. Bioluminescence creates “cold” light — emissions with low thermal radiation. An enzyme called luciferase triggers a pigment called luciferin to oxidize, and the reaction emits light. But why the fungi evolved to glow 25 this way remains a mystery, Stevani says. To get the green glow of the new specimens of bioluminescent mushrooms, Dr Desjardin and Dr Stevani had to go out on new moon nights and stumble around in the forest, running into trees, while keeping an eye out for poisonous 30 snakes and prowling jaguars. Besides helping researchers decipher how and why mushrooms glow, Stevani is studying the bioluminescent fungi’s ability to signal the presence of toxins in the soil. In the lab, his team has developed a procedure that 35 shows that fungi emit less light when exposed to several metals and organic pollutants. “In a near future we can use it to evaluate the toxicity of environmental samples of soil and sediments,” Stevani said in an email to National Geographic News. The researcher also says 40 that the fungi could serve as a tool for bioremediation (cleanup using living organisms) of contaminated soil.
New glowing mushrooms found in Brazil. Disponível em: . Acesso em:
Fill in the parentheses with T (True) or F (False).
About the new fungi discovered in Brazil, it’s true to say:
(  ) They only glow when there is no light.

(  ) They produce a strong dark green glow.

(  ) All of them were unknown to scientists.

(  ) Their discovery has made the numbers of glowers go up by thirty percent.
According to the text, the correct sequence, from top to bottom, is
 

Questão 23752

Like a black light poster come to life, a group of bioluminescent fungi collected from Ribeira Valley Tourist State Park near São Paulo, Brazil, emanates a soft green glow when the lights go out. The mushrooms are part of 5 the genus Mycena, a group that includes about 500 species worldwide. Of these only 33 are known to be bioluminescent — capable of producing light through a chemical reaction. Since 2002, Cassius Stevani, professor of Chemistry 10 at the University of São Paulo, Dennis Desjardin, professor of mycology at San Francisco State University in California, and Marina Capelari of Brazil’s Institute of Botany have discovered 10 more bioluminescent fungi species — four of which are new to science — in Brazil’s 15 tropical forests. The work, Stevani says, has increased the number of glowers known since the 1970s by 30 percent.
In addition to mushrooms, a variety of marine animals, select species of bacteria, insects, and annelids 20 (earthworms) are known to be bioluminescent. Bioluminescence creates “cold” light — emissions with low thermal radiation. An enzyme called luciferase triggers a pigment called luciferin to oxidize, and the reaction emits light. But why the fungi evolved to glow 25 this way remains a mystery, Stevani says. To get the green glow of the new specimens of bioluminescent mushrooms, Dr Desjardin and Dr Stevani had to go out on new moon nights and stumble around in the forest, running into trees, while keeping an eye out for poisonous 30 snakes and prowling jaguars. Besides helping researchers decipher how and why mushrooms glow, Stevani is studying the bioluminescent fungi’s ability to signal the presence of toxins in the soil. In the lab, his team has developed a procedure that 35 shows that fungi emit less light when exposed to several metals and organic pollutants. “In a near future we can use it to evaluate the toxicity of environmental samples of soil and sediments,” Stevani said in an email to National Geographic News. The researcher also says 40 that the fungi could serve as a tool for bioremediation (cleanup using living organisms) of contaminated soil.
New glowing mushrooms found in Brazil. Disponível em: . Acesso em:
The text says that the discovery of the new Brazilian glowers
 

Questão 23753

Like a black light poster come to life, a group of bioluminescent fungi collected from Ribeira Valley Tourist State Park near São Paulo, Brazil, emanates a soft green glow when the lights go out. The mushrooms are part of 5 the genus Mycena, a group that includes about 500 species worldwide. Of these only 33 are known to be bioluminescent — capable of producing light through a chemical reaction. Since 2002, Cassius Stevani, professor of Chemistry 10 at the University of São Paulo, Dennis Desjardin, professor of mycology at San Francisco State University in California, and Marina Capelari of Brazil’s Institute of Botany have discovered 10 more bioluminescent fungi species — four of which are new to science — in Brazil’s 15 tropical forests. The work, Stevani says, has increased the number of glowers known since the 1970s by 30 percent.
In addition to mushrooms, a variety of marine animals, select species of bacteria, insects, and annelids 20 (earthworms) are known to be bioluminescent. Bioluminescence creates “cold” light — emissions with low thermal radiation. An enzyme called luciferase triggers a pigment called luciferin to oxidize, and the reaction emits light. But why the fungi evolved to glow 25 this way remains a mystery, Stevani says. To get the green glow of the new specimens of bioluminescent mushrooms, Dr Desjardin and Dr Stevani had to go out on new moon nights and stumble around in the forest, running into trees, while keeping an eye out for poisonous 30 snakes and prowling jaguars. Besides helping researchers decipher how and why mushrooms glow, Stevani is studying the bioluminescent fungi’s ability to signal the presence of toxins in the soil. In the lab, his team has developed a procedure that 35 shows that fungi emit less light when exposed to several metals and organic pollutants. “In a near future we can use it to evaluate the toxicity of environmental samples of soil and sediments,” Stevani said in an email to National Geographic News. The researcher also says 40 that the fungi could serve as a tool for bioremediation (cleanup using living organisms) of contaminated soil.
New glowing mushrooms found in Brazil. Disponível em: . Acesso em:
Fill in the parentheses with T (True) or F (False).
The text has answers to the following questions:
(  ) What does bioluminescence mean?

(  ) How long ago did the researchers start looking for bioluminescent fungi in Brazil? (  ) Where did the researchers first publish their findings?

(  ) When was the best time to look for the bioluminescent fungi in Brazil?

(  ) What did the researchers call the new specimens of glowers found in Brazil?
According to the text, the correct sequence, from top to bottom, is

Questão 23754

Like a black light poster come to life, a group of bioluminescent fungi collected from Ribeira Valley Tourist State Park near São Paulo, Brazil, emanates a soft green glow when the lights go out. The mushrooms are part of 5 the genus Mycena, a group that includes about 500 species worldwide. Of these only 33 are known to be bioluminescent — capable of producing light through a chemical reaction. Since 2002, Cassius Stevani, professor of Chemistry 10 at the University of São Paulo, Dennis Desjardin, professor of mycology at San Francisco State University in California, and Marina Capelari of Brazil’s Institute of Botany have discovered 10 more bioluminescent fungi species — four of which are new to science — in Brazil’s 15 tropical forests. The work, Stevani says, has increased the number of glowers known since the 1970s by 30 percent.
In addition to mushrooms, a variety of marine animals, select species of bacteria, insects, and annelids 20 (earthworms) are known to be bioluminescent. Bioluminescence creates “cold” light — emissions with low thermal radiation. An enzyme called luciferase triggers a pigment called luciferin to oxidize, and the reaction emits light. But why the fungi evolved to glow 25 this way remains a mystery, Stevani says. To get the green glow of the new specimens of bioluminescent mushrooms, Dr Desjardin and Dr Stevani had to go out on new moon nights and stumble around in the forest, running into trees, while keeping an eye out for poisonous 30 snakes and prowling jaguars. Besides helping researchers decipher how and why mushrooms glow, Stevani is studying the bioluminescent fungi’s ability to signal the presence of toxins in the soil. In the lab, his team has developed a procedure that 35 shows that fungi emit less light when exposed to several metals and organic pollutants. “In a near future we can use it to evaluate the toxicity of environmental samples of soil and sediments,” Stevani said in an email to National Geographic News. The researcher also says 40 that the fungi could serve as a tool for bioremediation (cleanup using living organisms) of contaminated soil.
New glowing mushrooms found in Brazil. Disponível em: . Acesso em:
“the fungi could serve as a tool for bioremediation [...] of contaminated soil.” (l. 40-41)
This fragment of the text refers to the use of
 

Questão 23755

Like a black light poster come to life, a group of bioluminescent fungi collected from Ribeira Valley Tourist State Park near São Paulo, Brazil, emanates a soft green glow when the lights go out. The mushrooms are part of 5 the genus Mycena, a group that includes about 500 species worldwide. Of these only 33 are known to be bioluminescent — capable of producing light through a chemical reaction. Since 2002, Cassius Stevani, professor of Chemistry 10 at the University of São Paulo, Dennis Desjardin, professor of mycology at San Francisco State University in California, and Marina Capelari of Brazil’s Institute of Botany have discovered 10 more bioluminescent fungi species — four of which are new to science — in Brazil’s 15 tropical forests. The work, Stevani says, has increased the number of glowers known since the 1970s by 30 percent.
In addition to mushrooms, a variety of marine animals, select species of bacteria, insects, and annelids 20 (earthworms) are known to be bioluminescent. Bioluminescence creates “cold” light — emissions with low thermal radiation. An enzyme called luciferase triggers a pigment called luciferin to oxidize, and the reaction emits light. But why the fungi evolved to glow 25 this way remains a mystery, Stevani says. To get the green glow of the new specimens of bioluminescent mushrooms, Dr Desjardin and Dr Stevani had to go out on new moon nights and stumble around in the forest, running into trees, while keeping an eye out for poisonous 30 snakes and prowling jaguars. Besides helping researchers decipher how and why mushrooms glow, Stevani is studying the bioluminescent fungi’s ability to signal the presence of toxins in the soil. In the lab, his team has developed a procedure that 35 shows that fungi emit less light when exposed to several metals and organic pollutants. “In a near future we can use it to evaluate the toxicity of environmental samples of soil and sediments,” Stevani said in an email to National Geographic News. The researcher also says 40 that the fungi could serve as a tool for bioremediation (cleanup using living organisms) of contaminated soil.
New glowing mushrooms found in Brazil. Disponível em: . Acesso em:
______ mushrooms______  a variety of marine animals, select species of bacteria, insects, and annelids are known to be bioluminescent.
According to paragraph 3, the only alternative that does not suitably complete the two blanks is
 

Questão 23756

(UEFS - 2012)

Like a black light poster come to life, a group of bioluminescent fungi collected from Ribeira Valley Tourist State Park near São Paulo, Brazil, emanates a soft green glow when the lights go out. The mushrooms are part of 5 the genus Mycena, a group that includes about 500 species worldwide. Of these only 33 are known to be bioluminescent — capable of producing light through a chemical reaction. Since 2002, Cassius Stevani, professor of Chemistry 10 at the University of São Paulo, Dennis Desjardin, professor of mycology at San Francisco State University in California, and Marina Capelari of Brazil’s Institute of Botany have discovered 10 more bioluminescent fungi species — four of which are new to science — in Brazil’s 15 tropical forests. The work, Stevani says, has increased the number of glowers known since the 1970s by 30 percent.
In addition to mushrooms, a variety of marine animals, select species of bacteria, insects, and annelids 20 (earthworms) are known to be bioluminescent. Bioluminescence creates “cold” light — emissions with low thermal radiation. An enzyme called luciferase triggers a pigment called luciferin to oxidize, and the reaction emits light. But why the fungi evolved to glow 25 this way remains a mystery, Stevani says. To get the green glow of the new specimens of bioluminescent mushrooms, Dr Desjardin and Dr Stevani had to go out on new moon nights and stumble around in the forest, running into trees, while keeping an eye out for poisonous 30 snakes and prowling jaguars. Besides helping researchers decipher how and why mushrooms glow, Stevani is studying the bioluminescent fungi’s ability to signal the presence of toxins in the soil. In the lab, his team has developed a procedure that 35 shows that fungi emit less light when exposed to several metals and organic pollutants. “In a near future we can use it to evaluate the toxicity of environmental samples of soil and sediments,” Stevani said in an email to National Geographic News. The researcher also says 40 that the fungi could serve as a tool for bioremediation (cleanup using living organisms) of contaminated soil.
New glowing mushrooms found in Brazil.

Disponível em: .  Acesso em:

“In a near future we can use it to evaluate the toxicity of environmental samples of soil and sediments,” Stevani said” (l. 36-38).

This sentence can be exactly rephrased in Reported Speech as: Stevani said that, in a near future, we ______to evaluate the toxicity of environmental samples of soil and sediments.

The alternative that completes the blank correctly is